Basics of Spanish (Español) grammar

This is an overview of basic Spanish (Español) grammar for the beginners, this will provide an insight of Spanish language and will be helpful for them and will be proven as a stepping stone in other words a starting point to learn and explore the language.

Fonẽtica (phonetics)

 

A.      Ah

B.      Beh

C.      Seh   /S/ /K/

D.     Deh

E.      Eh

F.       Efeh

G.     Heh  /G/ /H/ (G- with AOU and H- with EI)

H.     Ahche (silent)

I.        Ee /I/

J.        Hota /H/

K.      Kah

L.       Eleh

LL- ehye /doble l/ /J/ between /J & Y/

M.   Ehme /M/

N.     Ehne  /N/

Ň- Enye /Ny/

O.     Oh

P.      Peh

Q.     Koo

R.      Ehre

RR- /RR/

S.       Ehse

T.      The

U.     Ooo

V.      Ubeh /B/ /V/

W.   Doble u /V/

X.      Ehquis /X/ /H/

Y.      Eegriega /J/ /E/  * used for ‘and’ too

Z.      Sehta /S/

 

 

Personal pronoun

 

Sing.           Plural

yo	Nosotros
Tú	Vosotros
Ēl Ella Usted	Ellos  Ellas  Ustedes

 

We will put all verb form in above pattern. All you need to do is just put the verb form in the place of subjects. For example; Yo soy, Nosotros somos, Tú eres etc.

 

Ser & Estar (To be)

 

Ser

Soy	Somos
Eres	Soís
Es	Son

 

Ser only used for;

Permanent condition

Occupation

Place of origin

Identification

Nationality

 

 

Estar

Estoy	Estamos
Estás	Estáis
Está	Estan

 

Estar only used for;

Temporary condition

Location

 

Verbs

‘Ar’ verbs

O	Amos
As	Ais
A	An

Examples;

Hablar

Hablo	Hablamos
Hablas	hablais
Habla	Hablan

‘Er’ verbs

O	Emos
Es	Éis
E	En

Comer

Como	comemos
Comes	coméis
come	comen

‘Ir’ verbs

O	Imos
Es	Ís
E	En

vivir

Vivo	Vivimos
Vives	VivÍs
Vive	Viven

‘Ar’ verbs

1.      Llegar- arrive

2.      Preguntar- ask

3.      Cepillar- brush

4.      Comprar- buy

5.      Llamar-call

6.      Cerar- close

7.      Llorar- cry

8.      Cortar- cut

9.      Bailar- dance

10.  Dibujar- draw

11.  Sonar- dream

12.  Entrar- enter

13.  Borrar- erase

14.  Explicar- explain

15.  Terminar- finish

16.  Olvidar- forget

17.  Congelar- freeze

18.  Ayudar- help

19.  Sujetar- hold

20.  Abrazar-hug

21.  Gustar- like

22.  Mirar- look

23.  Amar- love

24.  Fallar-miss

25.  Necesitar-need

26.  Pagar- pay

27.  Descolgar- pick-up

28.  Tirar- pull

29.  Empujar- push

30.  Recorder- remember

31.  Alquilar- rent

32.  Respetar- respect

33.  Descansar- rest

34.  Buscar- search

35.  Cantar- sing

36.  Hablar- speak

37.  Estudiar- study

38.  Sudar-sweet

39.  Hablar- talk

40.  Enseñar- teach

41.  Esperar- wait

42.  Andar- walk

43.  Mirar- watch

44.  Trabajar- work

45.  Asistir - asist

46.  Acostar- go to bed

47.  Acabar- finish

48.  Bajar- go down/ get off from bus

49.  Acordar- agree/ accept

50.  Cambiar- change

51.  Casar- get married

52.  Cocinar- cook

53.  Comezar- start

54.  Cenar-have dinner

55.  Relajar- relax

56.  Ducharse- shower

57.  Lavar- wash

58.  Entregar- submit

59.  Dar- give

60.  Dehar- leave

61.  Desayunar- have break fast

62.  Desear- wish

 

Er & Ir verbs

1.         Creer- believe

2.      Romper-break

3.      Poder- can

4.      Venir- come

5.      Corregir-correct

6.      Hacer-do/make

7.      Beber- drink

8.      Comer- eat

9.      Sentir- feel

10.  Vivir- live

11.  Abrir-open

12.  Decir- say

13.  Ver-see

14.  Vender- sell

15.  Servir- service

16.  Dormer- sleep

17.  Coger-take

18.  Agradecer-thank

19.  Pensar- think

20.  Viajar- travel

21.  Apagar- turn-off

22.  Encender- turn-on

23.  Compartir- share

24.  Coducir- drive

25.  Conocer- know

26.  Conseguir- get/obtain

27.  Llovar- rain

28.  Leer- read

29.  Repetir- repeat

30.  Devolver- return

31.  Paseo- ride

32.  Querer- want

33.  Escribir-write

34.  Caber- fit

35.  Correr-run

36.  Crecer-grow

37.  Cruzar- cross

38.  Cubrir-cover

39.  Deber- must

40.  Defender-defend/ stand- up for

41.  Descubriri- discover

42.  Despendir- say good bye

43.  Ir- go

44.  Oír- listen/hear

45.  Aprender- learn

46.  Salir- leave

Irregular verbs

1.      Bañarse/ baño- bathe

2.      Convertirse- become

3.      Ejercitarse- exercise

4.      Levantarse- get-up

5.      Reírse- laugh

6.      Parecerse- resemble

7.      Tienda- shop

8.      Hacerturismo- sight see

9.      Estar de pie- stand

10.  Mandar un mensaje de texto- text

11.  Entender-understand

12.  Despetarse-wake-up

13.  Pasar un trapo- wipe

14.  Reloj- watch

 

 

 

Pronoun & Reflexive pronoun

 

Subject pronoun	Direct object pronoun	Indirect object pronoun	Reflexive pronoun	Possesive pronoun(not used frequently)		Possesive adjectives
				singular	plural	singular	plural
Yo	Me	Me	Me(myself)	Mía,Mío(mine)	Mías,Míos	Mi(my)	Mis
Tú	Te	Te	Te	Tuya,Tuyo	Tuyas,Tuyos	Tu	Tus
Usted	Lo/La	Le	Se	Suya,Suyo	Suyas,Suyos	Su	Sus
Él	Lo	Le	Se	Suya,Suyo	Suyas,Suyos	Su	Sus
Ella	La	Le	Se	Suya,Suyo	Suyas,Suyos	Su	Sus
Nosotros	Nos	Nos	Nos	Nuestro/a	Nuestros/as	Nuestro/a	Nuestros/as
Vosotros	Os	Os	Os	Vuestro/a	Vuestros/as	Vuestro/a	Vuestros/as
Ustedes	Los/Las	Les	Se	Suya,Suyo	Suyas,Suyos	Su	Sus
Ellos	Los	Les	Se	Suya,Suyo	Suyas,Suyos	Su	Sus
Ellas	Las	Les	Se	Suya,Suyo	Suyas,Suyos	Su	Sus

 

 

 

 

 

Tenses

 

yo	Nosotros
Tú	Vosotros
Ēl	Ellos
Ella	Ellas
Usted	Ustedes

 

 

Simple present tense

 

‘Ar’ verbs

O	Amos
As	Ais
A	An

 

‘Er’ verbs

O	Emos
Es	Éis
E	En

‘Ir’ verbs

O	Imos
Es	Ís
E	En

Simple past tense

‘Ar’ verbs

É	Amos
Aste	Asteis
Ó	Aron

-car>remove ‘ar’ & add ‘que’

-zar>remove ‘z’ & add ‘cé’

-gar>remove ‘ar’ & add ‘ué’

 

 

‘Er’ verbs

Í	Imos
Iste	Isteis
ió	Ieron

‘Ser’/‘Ir’(go) verbs

Fui	Fuimos
Fuiste	Fuisteis
Fue	Fueron

Simple future tense

 

Voy a	Vamos  a
Vas a	Vais a	+ Infinitive verb
Va a	Van a

 

 

 

Or

 

 

É	Emos
Ás	Éis
Á	Án

 

Also used for

-probability

-prediction with wonder

 

 

Articles

 Definite 

El- for masculine

La- for feminine

Los- for masculine plural

Las- for feminine plural

Lo - for referring a noun

 

Un- for masculine

Una- for feminine

Unos- for masculine plural

Unas- for feminine plural

 

This & That

	singular	plural
M	this- este	these- estos
	that- ese	those- esos
F	this- esta	these- estas
	that- esa	those- esas

 

 

Introduction to Employability skills

 

Employability skills

         Employability skills are set of skills which will help you to get your desired job. The skills which will make you eligible for employment. Because, they add some values to your academic qualifications. You may have good degrees from renowned educational institutes but, on the basis of those degrees you will not get your desired job. Your academic degrees are worthless unless you have some skills. The set of skills make your CV (resumé) complete and during interview you will be asked about your skills besides your academic degrees or qualifications. The set of skills required to get your desired job is called Employability skills. In short, in this 21st century industrial/corporate world, you must have some of these skills. Now-a-days during interview session the employers mainly focus on skills such as;

•      Communication skills- verbal communication and non-verbal communication            and listening skills
•      IT (information technology) skills also known as digital literacy
•       Interpersonal skills (how you maintain relationship with the people around you) and self assessment(finding our strength and weakness)
•      Customer handling and customer retention skills
•      Emotional intelligence
•      Time management
•      Stress management
•      Problem solving and decision making
•      Team working
•      Conflict resolution
•      Negotiation persuasion and influencing skill
•      Self motivation and creative thinking

 These skills are called 21st century skills. To match the pace of modernization one must possess such skills in the fast moving corporate world.

In our syllabus, we are about to learn some of the above mentioned skills in the subject Employability skills, as a trainee of ITI(Industrial Training Institute) you are supposed to work in an industrial environment. Our new syllabus designed by NSQF (National Skill Qualification Committee) for NCVET (National Council for Vocational Education and Training) consists of following modules:

1. Introduction to Employability skills
2. Constitutional values/ Citizenship
3. Becoming a professional in the 21st century
4. English skills
5. Career development and goal setting
6. Communication skills
7. Inclusion, gender sensitivity, PWD etc.
8. Financial and legal literacy
9. Digital literacy and skills
10. Entrepreneurship skills
11. Customer service
12. Job readiness and examination preparation

 

Important Employability skills

The capacity to find and keep a job requires a person to have certain talents, which are known as employability skills. In today's employment market, companies are seeking for people who are not only qualified for the position, but also have the skills needed to succeed at work. As a result, these talents are becoming more and more significant. The following are some crucial ideas on the significance of employability skills:

1. Problem-solving: One of the most important employability skills is problem-solving since it enables people to identify and fix problems that develop in the job. This ability helps workers to think critically and make judgements that are in the best interests of the business, making it essential for success in any position.

2. Communication: Effective communication is another important employability skill.  Success in every career depends on one's capacity for efficient written and spoken communication. In addition to building relationships with coworkers and clients, this ability enables individuals to express their views and opinions in a clear and simple manner.

3. Time management: Managing your time well is a crucial employability skill. Employers want to know that their staff members are capable of time management and deadline adherence. This ability helps workers to prioritise tasks and finish them on time, making it crucial for success in every position.

4. Teamwork: Teamwork is another key employability skill. Many jobs require employees to work in teams, and the ability to work well with others is essential for success. Teamwork skills include the ability to collaborate, communicate, and negotiate with others.

5. Adaptability: Adaptability is also a crucial employability skill. The job market is constantly changing, and employers are looking for employees who can adapt to new situations and technologies. This skill allows individuals to be flexible and open to new ideas, which is crucial for success in today's job market.

6. Leadership: Leadership is another important employability skill. Employers are looking for employees who can lead and motivate others. Leadership skills include the ability to motivate, inspire, and guide others.

7. Technical skills: Technical skills are also important employability skills. These skills include the ability to use specific software or equipment, and knowledge of industry-specific regulations and standards.

8. Interpersonal skills: Interpersonal skills are also crucial employability skills. These skills include the ability to interact with others, build relationships, and communicate effectively.

9. Self-motivation: Self-motivation is also a key employability skill. Employers want to see that their employees are self-motivated and can work independently. This skill allows individuals to set goals and work towards achieving them.

10. Continuous learning: Continuous learning is another important employability skill. Employers are looking for employees who are willing to learn and grow with the company. This skill allows individuals to stay up-to-date with new technologies and industry developments.

In conclusion, employability skills are becoming increasingly important in today's job market. Employers are looking for individuals who possess a combination of technical skills and soft skills that will help them succeed in the workplace. These skills include problem-solving, communication, time management, teamwork, adaptability, leadership, technical skills, interpersonal skills, self-motivation, and continuous learning. Developing these skills can help individuals stand out in the job market and increase their chances of gaining and maintaining employment.

click here for learning Employability skills online.

 

 

 

 

English literacy # test 1

English literacy Quiz

Test 1

Question of

Good Try!
You Got out of answers correct!
That's

#5 Articles A/An and The

Articles

Articles- A/An and The

Articles નો ઉપયોગ કોઈ નામ એટલે કે noun કે સમૂહ-નામની આગળ થાય છે. Articles મુખ્યત્વે બે પ્રકાર ના હોય છે, A/An અને The, A અથવા An નો ઉપયોગ singular માટે થાય છે, જ્યારે The નો ઉપયોગ કોઈ નિશ્ચિત વસ્તુ દર્શાવવા માટે થાય છે.

દા.ત., a pen, a table, a book

An elephant, an honest, an artist

The sun, the moon, the earth

હવે આપણે બંને Articles વિષે વિગતે અભ્યાસ કરીશું.

   A- આ Article જો કોઈ noun જે singular હોય અને તેનો ઉચ્ચાર વ્યંજનથી થતો હોય, તો તે શબ્દ ની આગળ A મૂકવામાં આવે છે.

દા.ત., a pen, a table, a book

An- આ Article જો કોઈ noun જે singular હોય અને તેનો ઉચ્ચાર સ્વરથી થતો હોય પછી ભલે લખવામાં પ્રથમ શબ્દ વ્યંજન (honest) આવતો હોય, તો તે શબ્દની આગળ An મૂકવામાં આવે છે. કેમકે બે સ્વર ભેગા થતાં હોવાથી આપણને બોલવામાં તકલીફ પડે છે, લખવામાં નહીં.

દા.ત., an honest, an artist, an elephant

The- આ Article નો ઉપયોગ જે વસ્તુ નિશ્ચિત છે એટલે કે સામે વળી વ્યક્તિને પણ ખબર હોય કે એજ વસ્તુની વાત થઈ રહી છે ત્યારે તે noun કે શબ્દની આગળ The મૂકવામાં આવે છે.

ખાસ કરીને એવી વસ્તુઓ:

·        જેનો ઉલ્લેખ વાત કરતી વખતે ફરીથી થતો હોય

·        એક જ હોય (અજોડ- unique)

·        સર્વ શ્રેષ્ઠ હોય(best)

·        સાંભળનારને પણ ખબર હોય કે કઈ વસ્તુની વિષે વાત થઈ રહી છે.

Articles A/An પ્રમાણે જો શબ્દ કે noun નો ઉચ્ચાર વ્યંજનથી થતો હોય, તો The નો ઉચ્ચાર “ધ” થશે, દા.ત., the best., અને જો શબ્દ કે noun નો ઉચ્ચાર સ્વરથી થતો હોય (લખવામાં ભલે પ્રથમ અક્ષર વ્યંજન હોય-honest), તો The નો ઉચ્ચાર “ધી” થશે, દા.ત., the end.

 click here for Nouns, Singular and Plural, Action words (verbs) and Punctuation marks.